/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   CJHuang Group — Editorial redesign
   Palette: ink + paper + terracotta (single accent)
   Type: Fraunces (display) · Inter (body) · JetBrains Mono (technical)
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */

/* ── Design tokens ────────────────────────────────────────────── */
:root {
    /* Surface */
    --ink:        #0B1220;            /* near-black navy — primary */
    --ink-soft:   #1f2a3d;            /* secondary text */
    --paper:      #FAFAF7;            /* warm off-white background */
    --surface:    #FFFFFF;            /* cards, elevated */
    --rule:       #E5E7EB;            /* hairline borders */
    --muted:      #6B7280;            /* tertiary text */
    --muted-2:    #9CA3AF;

    /* Single accent — terracotta, pulled from tomography reconstructions */
    --accent:     #C2410C;
    --accent-2:   #9A330A;            /* hover deeper */
    --accent-tint:rgba(194, 65, 12, 0.08);

    /* Type */
    --font-display: 'Fraunces', 'Source Serif Pro', Georgia, serif;
    --font-body:    'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
    --font-mono:    'JetBrains Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Menlo, monospace;

    /* Type scale */
    --fs-h1:   clamp(2.5rem, 5vw, 4rem);
    --fs-h2:   clamp(1.75rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
    --fs-h3:   1.375rem;
    --fs-body: 1.0625rem;       /* 17px */
    --fs-sm:   0.9375rem;
    --fs-xs:   0.8125rem;

    /* Motion */
    --ease:        cubic-bezier(0.22, 1, 0.36, 1);
    --t-fast:      150ms var(--ease);
    --t-med:       260ms var(--ease);
    --t-slow:      450ms var(--ease);

    /* Layout */
    --maxw:        1240px;
    --maxw-prose:  68ch;
    --pad-x:       2rem;

    /* Elevation */
    --shadow-sm:   0 1px 2px rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.04);
    --shadow-md:   0 8px 24px rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.08);
    --shadow-lg:   0 20px 40px rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.12);

    /* Legacy aliases — keep so other pages still work until they're redesigned */
    --color-primary:      var(--ink);
    --color-secondary:    var(--accent);
    --color-accent:       var(--accent);
    --color-dark:         var(--ink);
    --color-bg:           var(--paper);
    --color-bg-alt:       #F2F1EC;
    --color-text:         var(--ink);
    --color-text-light:   var(--muted);
    --color-border:       var(--rule);
    --color-synchrotron:  var(--accent);
    --color-battery:      var(--accent);
    --transition:         var(--t-med);
}

/* ── Reset ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
*, *::before, *::after { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }

html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }

body {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-body);
    line-height: 1.65;
    color: var(--ink);
    background: var(--paper);
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
    overflow-x: hidden;
    text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
}

img { max-width: 100%; display: block; }

a { color: inherit; }

/* ── Base typography ──────────────────────────────────────────── */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-weight: 500;
    line-height: 1.15;
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
    color: var(--ink);
}

h1 { font-size: var(--fs-h1); font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.025em; }
h2 { font-size: var(--fs-h2); font-weight: 500; }
h3 { font-size: var(--fs-h3); }

p { max-width: var(--maxw-prose); }

::selection { background: var(--accent); color: #fff; }

/* Focus ring — accessible default for everything interactive */
:focus-visible {
    outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
    outline-offset: 3px;
    border-radius: 2px;
}
button:focus, a:focus, select:focus, input:focus, textarea:focus {
    outline: none;       /* base off; :focus-visible takes over */
}

/* Skip-to-content link — invisible until keyboard-focused */
.skip-link {
    position: absolute;
    top: -100px;
    left: 1rem;
    z-index: 9999;
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    border-radius: 2px;
    transition: top var(--t-fast);
}
.skip-link:focus {
    top: 1rem;
    outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Reveal-on-scroll utility (driven by IntersectionObserver in JS) */
.reveal {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(16px);
    transition: opacity 700ms var(--ease), transform 700ms var(--ease);
}
.reveal.is-visible {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: none;
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
    .reveal { opacity: 1; transform: none; transition: none; }
    *, *::before, *::after {
        animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
        transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
        scroll-behavior: auto !important;
    }
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   NAVIGATION
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
nav#navbar {
    position: fixed;
    inset: 0 0 auto 0;
    background: rgba(250, 250, 247, 0.85);
    backdrop-filter: saturate(180%) blur(14px);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: saturate(180%) blur(14px);
    border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
    z-index: 1000;
    transition: border-color var(--t-med), background var(--t-med);
}
nav#navbar.scrolled {
    border-bottom-color: var(--rule);
    background: rgba(250, 250, 247, 0.94);
}

.nav-container {
    max-width: var(--maxw);
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 1rem var(--pad-x);
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
}

.logo {
    text-decoration: none;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0.1rem;
    transition: opacity var(--t-fast);
}
.logo:hover { opacity: 0.7; }

.logo-main {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}
.logo-sub {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.7rem;
    color: var(--muted);
    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.nav-links {
    display: flex;
    gap: 2rem;
    list-style: none;
    align-items: center;
}
.nav-links a {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 500;
    position: relative;
    padding: 0.25rem 0;
    transition: color var(--t-fast);
}
.nav-links a::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0; bottom: -2px;
    width: 100%;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--accent);
    transform: scaleX(0);
    transform-origin: left;
    transition: transform var(--t-med);
}
.nav-links a:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.nav-links a:hover::after,
.nav-links a.active::after { transform: scaleX(1); }
.nav-links a.active { color: var(--ink); }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   HERO — full-bleed image, editorial layout
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.hero {
    position: relative;
    margin-top: 64px;        /* sit just below nav */
    height: clamp(560px, 88vh, 820px);
    overflow: hidden;
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
}

.hero-media {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background-image: url('image/hero-beamline.jpg');
    background-size: cover;
    background-position: center 35%;
    will-change: transform;
    animation: kenBurns 24s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
}

/* Graceful fallback if hero image not yet present */
.hero::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background:
        radial-gradient(1200px 600px at 80% 20%, rgba(194, 65, 12, 0.12), transparent 60%),
        linear-gradient(180deg, #0B1220 0%, #1a2540 100%);
    z-index: 0;
}

.hero-media { z-index: 1; }

.hero-overlay {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    z-index: 2;
    background:
        linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.88) 0%, rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.55) 55%, rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.25) 100%),
        linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 60%, rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.6) 100%);
}

.hero-content {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 3;
    max-width: var(--maxw);
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 var(--pad-x);
    height: 100%;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 1.5rem;
}

.hero-eyebrow {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.16em;
    color: var(--accent);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    opacity: 0.95;
}
.hero-eyebrow::before {
    content: '';
    width: 32px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--accent);
}

.hero h1 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: clamp(2.25rem, 5.5vw, 4.25rem);
    font-weight: 400;
    line-height: 1.05;
    letter-spacing: -0.025em;
    color: #fff;
    max-width: 22ch;
}
.hero h1 em {
    font-style: italic;
    font-weight: 300;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);
}

.hero-meta {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    letter-spacing: 0.02em;
    margin-top: 0.5rem;
}
.hero-meta .dot {
    display: inline-block;
    margin: 0 0.6rem;
    color: var(--accent);
}

.hero-actions {
    display: flex;
    gap: 1rem;
    margin-top: 1.5rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

@keyframes kenBurns {
    0%   { transform: scale(1.0)  translate3d(0, 0, 0); }
    100% { transform: scale(1.08) translate3d(-1%, -1%, 0); }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
    .hero-media { animation: none; }
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   BUTTONS
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.btn {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.6rem;
    padding: 0.85rem 1.4rem;
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    text-decoration: none;
    border-radius: 2px;
    border: 1px solid transparent;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background var(--t-med), color var(--t-med),
                border-color var(--t-med), transform var(--t-med);
    letter-spacing: 0.01em;
}
.btn .btn-arrow {
    display: inline-block;
    transition: transform var(--t-med);
}
.btn:hover .btn-arrow { transform: translateX(4px); }

.btn-primary {
    background: var(--accent);
    color: #fff;
    border-color: var(--accent);
}
.btn-primary:hover { background: var(--accent-2); border-color: var(--accent-2); }

.btn-ghost {
    background: transparent;
    color: #fff;
    border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);
}
.btn-ghost:hover {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6);
}

.btn-link {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.4rem;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 500;
    border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
    transition: color var(--t-fast), border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.btn-link:hover { color: var(--accent); border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }
.btn-link .btn-arrow { transition: transform var(--t-fast); }
.btn-link:hover .btn-arrow { transform: translateX(3px); }

/* Legacy CTA alias — kept so other pages keep working */
.cta-button {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.6rem;
    padding: 0.85rem 1.6rem;
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    border-radius: 2px;
    margin-top: 1.5rem;
    transition: background var(--t-med), transform var(--t-med);
}
.cta-button:hover { background: var(--accent); transform: translateY(-1px); }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   PAGE HEADER (non-homepage pages)
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.page-header {
    margin-top: 64px;
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 6rem 2rem 4rem;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
}
.page-header::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background:
        radial-gradient(800px 400px at 90% 0%, rgba(194, 65, 12, 0.18), transparent 60%);
}
.page-header > * { position: relative; }
.page-header h1 {
    font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem);
    color: #fff;
    max-width: var(--maxw);
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 var(--pad-x);
    font-weight: 400;
}
.page-header p {
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    max-width: var(--maxw);
    margin: 0.75rem auto 0;
    padding: 0 var(--pad-x);
    font-size: 1.1rem;
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   LAYOUT
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
main {
    max-width: var(--maxw);
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 5rem var(--pad-x);
}
section { margin-bottom: 6rem; }
section:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }

.section-header {
    margin-bottom: 3rem;
    padding-bottom: 1.25rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    display: flex;
    align-items: baseline;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: 1rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.section-header h2 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: var(--fs-h2);
    font-weight: 400;
    color: var(--ink);
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}
.section-header .section-eyebrow {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 1rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.12em;
}
.section-date {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted);
}

/* Mission / content blocks */
.mission-content,
.content-block {
    background: var(--surface);
    padding: 0;
    box-shadow: none;
    border: none;
    margin-bottom: 3rem;
}
.content-block {
    background: var(--surface);
    padding: 2.5rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
}

.lead-text {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
    max-width: var(--maxw-prose);
}

/* Inside content-blocks and position cards, paragraphs span the full
   container width — typography max-width is reserved for raw <p> in
   long-form sections (research detail, etc). */
.content-block .lead-text,
.content-block p,
.position-content p,
.context-col p {
    max-width: none;
}
.lead-text strong {
    color: var(--ink);
    font-weight: 600;
    background-image: linear-gradient(transparent 65%, var(--accent-tint) 65%);
    background-size: 100% 100%;
    padding: 0 0.05em;
}
.lead-text em { font-style: italic; }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   RESEARCH CARDS (homepage)
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.research-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr));
    gap: 1.5rem;
}

.research-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    overflow: hidden;
    cursor: pointer;
    position: relative;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med),
                border-color var(--t-med);
}
.research-card::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0; top: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 2px;
    background: var(--accent);
    transform: scaleX(0);
    transform-origin: left;
    transition: transform var(--t-med);
}
.research-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-6px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
    border-color: var(--ink);
}
.research-card:hover::after { transform: scaleX(1); }

.research-image {
    position: relative;
    aspect-ratio: 3 / 2;
    overflow: hidden;
    background: #ffffff;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    padding: 1.25rem;       /* breathing room around contained images */
}
.research-image img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: contain;     /* show whole image, no cropping */
    object-position: center;
    transition: transform var(--t-slow);
}
.research-card:hover .research-image img { transform: scale(1.03); }

/* Per-card zoom — for images with lots of empty bg around the subject.
   Tune per-card via inline style: style="--zoom: 1.2; --zoom-hover: 1.24;" */
.research-image--zoom {
    padding: 0.4rem;
    --zoom: 1.44;
    --zoom-hover: 1.48;
}
.research-image--zoom img { transform: scale(var(--zoom)); }
.research-card:hover .research-image--zoom img { transform: scale(var(--zoom-hover)); }

/* Legacy emoji-icon header — kept for any old markup, but disabled visually */
.research-icon { display: none; }

.research-content {
    padding: 1.75rem;
}
.research-content .research-eyebrow {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--accent);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
    display: block;
}
.research-content h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
    line-height: 1.2;
}
.research-content h3 i { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }
.research-content p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    line-height: 1.65;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   RESEARCH PAGE — sidebar ToC + sections
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.page-header { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.5rem; }
.page-header .page-eyebrow {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--accent);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.16em;
    max-width: var(--maxw);
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 var(--pad-x);
    width: 100%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.6rem;
}
.page-header .page-eyebrow::before {
    content: '';
    width: 24px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--accent);
    display: inline-block;
}

.research-page { padding-top: 4rem; }

.research-layout {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 220px 1fr;
    gap: 5rem;
    align-items: start;
}

.research-toc {
    position: sticky;
    top: 96px;
    align-self: start;
}
.toc-label {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.6rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
.toc-list { list-style: none; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.5rem; }
.toc-link {
    display: flex;
    gap: 0.7rem;
    align-items: baseline;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.4;
    padding: 0.4rem 0 0.4rem 0.75rem;
    border-left: 2px solid transparent;
    transition: color var(--t-fast), border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.toc-link .toc-num {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted-2);
    transition: color var(--t-fast);
}
.toc-link:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.toc-link.is-active {
    color: var(--ink);
    border-left-color: var(--accent);
    font-weight: 500;
}
.toc-link.is-active .toc-num { color: var(--accent); }

.research-body { min-width: 0; }    /* prevent overflow within the grid */
.research-lead {
    padding-bottom: 2rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    margin-bottom: 4rem;
}
.research-lead .lead-text { max-width: 60ch; }

.research-section {
    padding: 3rem 0 4rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    scroll-margin-top: 96px;
}
.research-section:last-of-type { border-bottom: none; }

.research-section .section-meta {
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
}
.research-section .section-num {
    display: inline-block;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--accent);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
}
.research-section h2 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 2.25rem;
    font-weight: 400;
    line-height: 1.1;
    color: var(--ink);
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    margin: 0;
}
.research-section h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-top: 2rem;
    margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
}
.research-section p {
    line-height: 1.75;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    max-width: 64ch;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
}
.research-section ul {
    list-style: none;
    margin-top: 0.5rem;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0.6rem;
    max-width: 64ch;
}
.research-section li {
    line-height: 1.65;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    padding-left: 1.25rem;
    position: relative;
}
.research-section li::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0; top: 0.65em;
    width: 8px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--accent);
}
.research-section li strong { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }

.research-figure {
    margin: 1rem 0 2rem;
    background: #ffffff;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    overflow: hidden;
}
.research-figure img {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    max-height: 420px;
    object-fit: contain;
    display: block;
    padding: 1.5rem;
    background: #ffffff;
}
.research-figure figcaption {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted);
    padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
    letter-spacing: 0.02em;
}

.research-section--meta {
    border-bottom: none;
    padding-bottom: 1rem;
}

@media (max-width: 900px) {
    .research-layout {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 2rem;
    }
    .research-toc {
        position: static;
        padding-bottom: 1.5rem;
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    }
    .toc-list {
        flex-direction: row;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        gap: 0.25rem 1rem;
    }
    .toc-link { padding: 0.3rem 0; border-left: none; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; }
    .toc-link.is-active { border-left: none; border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   LEGACY RESEARCH DETAIL CARDS (kept for backward-compat)
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.research-detail-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    overflow: hidden;
    margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
}
.research-detail-header {
    padding: 2.5rem;
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 1.25rem;
    border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
}
.research-detail-header.battery,
.research-detail-header.synchrotron,
.research-detail-header.electrochemistry {
    background: var(--ink);
}
.research-detail-icon {
    font-size: 2rem;
    color: var(--accent);
}
.research-detail-header h2 {
    color: #fff;
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.75rem;
}
.research-detail-content { padding: 2.5rem; }
.research-detail-content h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.3rem;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-top: 2rem;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    font-weight: 500;
}
.research-detail-content p {
    line-height: 1.75;
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
    max-width: var(--maxw-prose);
}
.research-detail-content ul {
    margin-left: 1.25rem;
    margin-top: 0.75rem;
}
.research-detail-content li {
    margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
    line-height: 1.7;
}
.research-detail-content li strong { color: var(--ink); }

/* Techniques */
.techniques-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(260px, 1fr));
    gap: 1rem;
}
.technique-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    padding: 1.5rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-left: 2px solid var(--accent);
    border-radius: 2px;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med);
}
.technique-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}
.technique-card h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    font-weight: 500;
}
.technique-card p {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.65;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   NEWS — timeline-style
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.news-filter {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: flex-end;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
}
.news-filter label {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: var(--muted);
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
}
.news-filter select {
    padding: 0.55rem 2rem 0.55rem 0.9rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    background: var(--surface);
    color: var(--ink);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    cursor: pointer;
    border-radius: 2px;
    appearance: none;
    background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 12 12' fill='none' stroke='%236B7280' stroke-width='1.5'%3E%3Cpath d='M3 5l3 3 3-3'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: right 0.7rem center;
    background-size: 12px;
    transition: border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.news-filter select:hover,
.news-filter select:focus { border-color: var(--ink); }

.news-grid {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.news-item {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 140px 1fr;
    gap: 2rem;
    padding: 2rem 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    transition: opacity var(--t-med), transform var(--t-med);
    position: relative;
}
.news-item.is-hiding {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(-6px);
}
.news-item.hidden { display: none; }

.news-date {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted);
    letter-spacing: 0.05em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    padding-top: 0.25rem;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.news-item h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.35rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
    line-height: 1.25;
    transition: color var(--t-fast);
}
.news-item:hover h3 { color: var(--accent); }
.news-item p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    line-height: 1.65;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    max-width: 65ch;
}

.badge-cat {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-top: 0.85rem;
    padding: 0.2rem 0.6rem;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.65rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 0.12em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--muted);
    background: transparent;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    cursor: default;
}
.badge-cat::before { content: none !important; }
.badge-cat.announcement { color: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }
.badge-cat.award        { color: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }
.badge-cat.pub-label    { color: var(--ink); border-color: var(--ink); }
.badge-cat.activity     { color: var(--ink-soft); border-color: var(--ink-soft); }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   QUICK NAV CARDS (homepage bottom)
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.quick-nav-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(220px, 1fr));
    gap: 1.25rem;
}

.quick-nav-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    padding: 1.75rem 1.5rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), border-color var(--t-med),
                box-shadow var(--t-med);
    position: relative;
    text-align: left;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0.6rem;
}
.quick-nav-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    border-color: var(--ink);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.quick-nav-card .card-icon {
    width: 28px;
    height: 28px;
    color: var(--accent);
    margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
    font-size: 0;        /* kill any old emoji size */
}
.quick-nav-card .card-icon svg {
    width: 100%; height: 100%;
    stroke: currentColor;
    fill: none;
    stroke-width: 1.5;
}

.quick-nav-card h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin: 0;
}
.quick-nav-card p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.6;
}
.quick-nav-card .card-arrow {
    margin-top: 0.5rem;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.4rem;
    transition: color var(--t-fast), transform var(--t-fast);
}
.quick-nav-card:hover .card-arrow {
    color: var(--accent);
    transform: translateX(3px);
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   TEAM, PI PROFILE (people.html — minor refresh)
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.team-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(240px, 1fr));
    gap: 2rem;
}

.team-member {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med);
    text-align: center;
    padding: 1.5rem;
}
.team-member:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.member-photo {
    width: 130px;
    height: 130px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    object-fit: cover;
    margin: 0 auto 1rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
}
.member-name {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
}
.member-role {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--accent);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
}
.member-research,
.member-bio {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    line-height: 1.6;
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}
.member-email {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.78rem;
    color: var(--muted);
    text-decoration: none;
    display: block;
}
.member-email:hover { color: var(--accent); }

/* PI profile */
.pi-profile {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 320px 1fr;
    gap: 3rem;
    background: var(--surface);
    padding: 2.5rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
}
.pi-photo {
    width: 100%;
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
    border-radius: 2px;
    overflow: hidden;
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
}
.pi-photo img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; object-position: center 20%; }
.pi-info h2 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.9rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
}
.pi-title {
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    margin-bottom: 0.2rem;
    font-weight: 500;
}
.pi-affiliation {
    color: var(--muted);
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
}
.pi-contact {
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
    padding: 1.25rem;
    border-radius: 2px;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
}
.pi-contact p { margin-bottom: 0.4rem; }
.pi-contact a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.pi-contact a:hover { color: var(--accent); border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }

.pi-bio h3,
.pi-research h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-top: 2rem;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
.pi-bio p { line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.pi-research ul { margin-left: 1.25rem; }
.pi-research li { margin-bottom: 0.7rem; line-height: 1.65; }

.pi-cv { margin-top: 1.8rem; }
.pi-cv h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--muted);
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.4rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
.pi-cv ul + h3 { margin-top: 2.75rem; }
.cv-list { list-style: none; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.85rem; }
.cv-list li { padding-left: 1rem; border-left: 2px solid var(--accent); }
.cv-main { font-weight: 500; color: var(--ink); font-size: var(--fs-sm); }
.cv-sub { font-size: var(--fs-xs); color: var(--muted); margin-top: 0.15rem; font-family: var(--font-mono); }

.placeholder-text { color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   PUBLICATIONS
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */

/* Visually-hidden utility for screen-reader-only labels */
.visually-hidden {
    position: absolute;
    width: 1px; height: 1px;
    padding: 0; margin: -1px;
    overflow: hidden;
    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
    white-space: nowrap;
    border: 0;
}

/* Stats meta row under stat cards */
.pub-stats-meta {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 1.25rem;
    margin-top: 1.25rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.pub-stats-note {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted);
    letter-spacing: 0.04em;
}

/* Filter toolbar — search + year chips */
.pub-toolbar-section {
    margin-bottom: 3rem;
    padding-bottom: 2rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
.pub-toolbar {
    display: flex;
    gap: 1.5rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    align-items: center;
}
.pub-search {
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    flex: 1;
    min-width: 240px;
    max-width: 360px;
}
.pub-search-icon {
    position: absolute;
    left: 0.85rem;
    width: 16px;
    height: 16px;
    color: var(--muted);
    pointer-events: none;
}
.pub-search input {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 0.65rem 0.9rem 0.65rem 2.5rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    background: var(--surface);
    color: var(--ink);
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    border-radius: 2px;
    transition: border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.pub-search input:hover { border-color: var(--ink-soft); }
.pub-search input:focus {
    outline: none;
    border-color: var(--ink);
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px var(--accent-tint);
}
.pub-search input::placeholder { color: var(--muted-2); }

.pub-year-chips {
    display: flex;
    gap: 0.4rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.pub-chip {
    padding: 0.35rem 0.75rem;
    background: transparent;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    letter-spacing: 0.04em;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background var(--t-fast), color var(--t-fast),
                border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.pub-chip:hover { color: var(--ink); border-color: var(--ink); }
.pub-chip.active {
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    border-color: var(--ink);
}

/* Inline section labels between chip groups ("By year", "By type") */
.pub-chips-divider {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.12em;
    padding: 0 0.5rem;
    align-self: center;
    border-left: 1px solid var(--rule);
    height: 1.4rem;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
}
.pub-chips-divider:first-of-type { border-left: none; padding-left: 0; }

.pub-result-count {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted);
    margin-top: 1rem;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    min-height: 1em;
}

/* Filter state — hide non-matching publications and empty year groups */
.publication.is-hidden { display: none; }
.year-group.is-hidden { display: none; }

/* Pub-type tags (invited / award) */
.pub-tag {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-left: 0.6rem;
    padding: 0.15rem 0.55rem;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.65rem;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    border-radius: 2px;
    border: 1px solid var(--accent);
    color: var(--accent);
    background: transparent;
    font-weight: 600;
}
.pub-tag--invited { color: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }
.pub-tag--award {
    color: #fff;
    background: var(--accent);
    border-color: var(--accent);
}

/* Pub variants — invited talk / award / patent */
.publication--invited,
.publication--award {
    border-left: 2px solid var(--accent);
}
.publication--patent {
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
}

/* Profile link icons (replaces emoji) */
.profile-link .profile-icon {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 32px; height: 32px;
    color: var(--accent);
    flex-shrink: 0;
}
.profile-link .profile-icon svg {
    width: 100%; height: 100%;
}

.pub-stats {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(180px, 1fr));
    gap: 1rem;
    margin-bottom: 3rem;
}
.stat-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    color: var(--ink);
    padding: 1.5rem 1.25rem;
    border-radius: 2px;
    text-align: left;
}
.stat-number {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 2.5rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    line-height: 1;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}
.stat-label {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    color: var(--muted);
    margin-top: 0.5rem;
}

.publication-list { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0; }
.publication {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: none;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 0;
    padding: 1.75rem 1.5rem 1.75rem 4rem;
    transition: background var(--t-fast);
    position: relative;
}
.publication:hover { background: rgba(194, 65, 12, 0.025); }

#conferences .publication,
#patents .publication {
    padding-left: 1.5rem;
}
#conferences .publication::before,
#patents .publication::before { content: none; display: none; }

/* Stable numbering — data-num is assigned by JS once on load.
   Doesn't shift when papers are filtered out. */
#peer-reviewed .publication::before {
    content: attr(data-num);
    position: absolute;
    left: 1.5rem;
    top: 1.85rem;
    width: 2rem;
    text-align: right;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--muted-2);
    line-height: 1;
}

.pub-title {
    font-size: 1rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    line-height: 1.45;
}
.pub-title a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; transition: color var(--t-fast); }
.pub-title a:hover { color: var(--accent); }

.pub-authors {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
    line-height: 1.55;
}
.pub-venue {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    color: var(--muted);
    font-weight: 500;
}
.pub-year { margin-left: 0.6rem; color: var(--muted); }
.pub-impact {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-left: 0.6rem;
    padding: 0.1rem 0.5rem;
    background: var(--accent);
    color: #fff;
    border-radius: 2px;
    font-size: 0.7rem;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
}
.pub-status {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-left: 0.6rem;
    padding: 0.1rem 0.5rem;
    border-radius: 2px;
    font-size: 0.7rem;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    color: var(--muted);
}
.pub-status.accepted { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; border-color: var(--ink); }
.pub-abstract { margin-top: 0.75rem; }
.pub-abstract details { cursor: pointer; }
.pub-abstract summary {
    color: var(--accent);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    list-style: none;
}
.pub-abstract summary::before { content: '+ '; font-family: var(--font-mono); }
.pub-abstract details[open] summary::before { content: '− '; }
.pub-abstract p {
    margin-top: 0.75rem;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
}
.pub-links { margin-top: 0.75rem; display: flex; gap: 0.6rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.pub-link {
    padding: 0.3rem 0.75rem;
    background: transparent;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-decoration: none;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    transition: background var(--t-fast), color var(--t-fast),
                border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.pub-link:hover {
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    border-color: var(--ink);
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   PROFILE LINKS / POSITION CARDS
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.profile-links {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));
    gap: 1rem;
}
.profile-link {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 1rem;
    padding: 1.2rem;
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--ink);
    font-weight: 500;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), border-color var(--t-med),
                box-shadow var(--t-med);
}
.profile-link:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    border-color: var(--ink);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}
.profile-icon { font-size: 1.5rem; color: var(--accent); }

.position-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    overflow: hidden;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
}
.position-card--closed { opacity: 0.72; }
.position-card--closed .position-header { background: var(--ink-soft); border-bottom: none; }
.position-card--closed .position-content { padding: 1.25rem 2rem 1.5rem; }
.position-card--closed .position-content p { margin-bottom: 0; }
.position-header {
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 1.75rem 2rem;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--accent);
}
.position-header h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #fff;
}
.position-badge {
    padding: 0.35rem 0.8rem;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
    border-radius: 2px;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
}
.position-badge.available { background: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }
.position-badge.rolling { background: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }
.position-badge.closed,
.position-badge.unavailable {
    background: transparent;
    border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
}

.position-content { padding: 2rem; }
.position-details {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(180px, 1fr));
    gap: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    padding: 1.25rem;
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
    border-radius: 2px;
}
.detail-item { font-size: var(--fs-sm); }
.detail-item strong {
    color: var(--ink);
    display: block;
    margin-bottom: 0.2rem;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    color: var(--muted);
    font-weight: 600;
}
.position-content h4 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-top: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}
.position-content p { line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.position-content ul { margin-left: 1.25rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; }
.position-content li { margin-bottom: 0.6rem; line-height: 1.65; }

/* "About Taiwan Tech" 2-column layout (join.html) */
.context-block {
    padding: 3rem;
}
.context-intro {
    max-width: none;
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    line-height: 1.75;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    padding-bottom: 2rem;
    margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
.context-intro strong { color: var(--ink); }

.context-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 3.5rem;
}
.context-col h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.3rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin: 0 0 1.25rem 0;
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}
.context-col ul {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0.85rem;
}
.context-col li {
    line-height: 1.65;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    padding-left: 1.25rem;
    position: relative;
}
.context-col li::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0; top: 0.7em;
    width: 8px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--accent);
}
.context-col p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    line-height: 1.75;
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}
.context-col .external-links {
    margin-top: 1.5rem;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .context-block { padding: 2rem; }
    .context-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2.5rem; }
}

/* CTAs */
.contact-cta {
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
    padding: 2.5rem;
    border-radius: 2px;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    margin-top: 3rem;
}
.contact-cta h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.4rem;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.join-cta {
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 3rem;
    border-radius: 2px;
    border-top: 3px solid var(--accent);
}
.join-cta h2 {
    color: #fff;
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.75rem;
    font-weight: 400;
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}
.join-cta p {
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}
.join-cta .cta-button {
    background: var(--accent);
    color: #fff;
}
.join-cta .cta-button:hover { background: var(--accent-2); }

.external-links { display: flex; gap: 1.25rem; margin-top: 2rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.external-link {
    color: var(--ink);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 500;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    padding-bottom: 1px;
    transition: color var(--t-fast), border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.external-link:hover { color: var(--accent); border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }

/* Alumni placeholder */
.alumni-list {
    background: var(--surface);
    padding: 2rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
}

/* PI page extras */
.pi-name-cn {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-weight: 300;
    color: var(--muted);
    letter-spacing: 0;
    margin-left: 0.4rem;
}
.pi-links {
    margin-top: 0.75rem;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
}
.pi-links .dot {
    color: var(--muted-2);
    margin: 0 0.5rem;
}
.pi-info h2 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.85rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    line-height: 1.2;
    margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
}

/* "Currently recruiting" panel — replaces placeholder team members */
.recruiting-notice {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-left: 3px solid var(--accent);
    border-radius: 2px;
    padding: 3rem 2.5rem;
    max-width: 720px;
}
.recruiting-notice__eyebrow {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--accent);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
.recruiting-notice h2 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.75rem;
    font-weight: 400;
    color: var(--ink);
    line-height: 1.2;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
    max-width: 22ch;
}
.recruiting-notice p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    line-height: 1.7;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    max-width: 60ch;
}
.recruiting-actions {
    display: flex;
    gap: 1.5rem;
    align-items: center;
    margin-top: 1.5rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

/* Open-project cards (Members tab — placeholder topics) */
.projects-block {
    margin-top: 4rem;
}
.projects-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(320px, 1fr));
    gap: 1.5rem;
}
.project-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    padding: 1.75rem;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med),
                border-color var(--t-med);
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
}
.project-card::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0; top: 0;
    width: 2px;
    height: 100%;
    background: var(--accent);
    transform: scaleY(0);
    transform-origin: top;
    transition: transform var(--t-med);
}
.project-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    border-color: var(--ink);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}
.project-card:hover::before { transform: scaleY(1); }

.project-card__tag {
    display: inline-block;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--accent);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
}
.project-card h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    line-height: 1.25;
    margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}
.project-card p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.65;
    margin: 0;
}

/* Group member cards — larger, photo + bio side-by-side */
.members-block { margin-top: 4rem; }
.members-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(440px, 1fr));
    gap: 1.5rem;
}
.member-card {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 210px 1fr;
    align-items: start;
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med),
                border-color var(--t-med);
}
.member-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    border-color: var(--ink);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}
.member-card__photo {
    width: 210px;
    aspect-ratio: 3 / 4;        /* fixed portrait frame */
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
    overflow: hidden;
}
.member-card__photo img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    transition: transform var(--t-slow);
}
.member-card:hover .member-card__photo img { transform: scale(1.04); }
.member-card__body {
    padding: 1.75rem;
    align-self: center;        /* center bio next to the 3:4 photo */
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
}
.member-card__tag {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--accent);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.12em;
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}
.member-card__body h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.4rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin: 0 0 0.75rem 0;
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}
.member-card__name-en {
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    font-weight: 400;
    color: var(--muted);
    margin-left: 0.4rem;
}
.member-card__body p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.7;
    margin: 0;
    max-width: none;
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
    .members-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .member-card { grid-template-columns: 1fr; justify-items: center; text-align: center; }
    .member-card__photo { width: 220px; }      /* stays 3:4, centered */
    .member-card__body { align-self: stretch; }
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   EQUIPMENT
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.equipment-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr));
    gap: 1.5rem;
    margin-top: 1rem;
}
.equipment-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
}
.equipment-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}
.equipment-icon {
    height: 100px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: var(--accent);
    flex-shrink: 0;
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
    font-size: 2rem;
}
.equipment-info {
    padding: 1.5rem;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0.5rem;
    flex: 1;
}
.equipment-info h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    color: var(--ink);
    font-weight: 500;
    line-height: 1.35;
}
.equipment-info p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.65;
}
.equipment-specs {
    list-style: none;
    margin-top: 0.5rem;
    padding-top: 0.75rem;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
.equipment-specs li {
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--muted);
    padding-left: 1rem;
    position: relative;
    margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
}
.equipment-specs li::before {
    content: '›';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    color: var(--accent);
    font-weight: 700;
}
.equipment-status {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 0.2rem 0.6rem;
    border-radius: 2px;
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    font-weight: 600;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    width: fit-content;
}
.equipment-status.coming-soon {
    background: transparent;
    color: var(--muted);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
.equipment-status.available {
    background: transparent;
    color: var(--accent);
    border: 1px solid var(--accent);
}

.equipment-image {
    width: 100%;
    aspect-ratio: 3 / 2;
    background: #ffffff;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 1rem;
    overflow: hidden;
}
.equipment-image img {
    max-width: 100%;
    max-height: 100%;
    width: auto;
    height: auto;
    object-fit: contain;
    display: block;
}
/* Backward-compat: bare <img> direct in card still works, but prefer the wrapper */
.equipment-card > img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 220px;
    object-fit: contain;
    display: block;
    background: #ffffff;
    padding: 1rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
.equipment-card:has(img) .equipment-icon { display: none; }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   EQUIPMENT — facility cards (NSRRC, APS, etc.)
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.facility-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(360px, 1fr));
    gap: 1.5rem;
}
.facility-card {
    background: var(--surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    padding: 2rem;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 1rem;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med),
                border-color var(--t-med);
    position: relative;
}
.facility-card::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0; top: 0;
    width: 2px;
    height: 100%;
    background: var(--accent);
    transform: scaleY(0);
    transform-origin: top;
    transition: transform var(--t-med);
}
.facility-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    border-color: var(--ink);
}
.facility-card:hover::before { transform: scaleY(1); }

.facility-meta {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: baseline;
    gap: 1rem;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
}
.facility-status {
    color: var(--accent);
    font-weight: 600;
}
.facility-loc { color: var(--muted); }

.facility-card h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    line-height: 1.25;
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}
.facility-card p {
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.65;
    margin: 0;
}
.facility-techs {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 0.4rem;
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0.25rem 0;
}
.facility-techs li {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    color: var(--ink);
    padding: 0.25rem 0.6rem;
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    letter-spacing: 0.04em;
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   PEOPLE PAGE TABS
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.people-tabs {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: flex-start;
    gap: 0;
    background: var(--paper);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    position: sticky;
    top: 64px;
    z-index: 100;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
}
.people-tab {
    padding: 1rem 1.5rem;
    border: none;
    background: transparent;
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--muted);
    cursor: pointer;
    border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
    margin-bottom: -1px;
    transition: color var(--t-fast), border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.people-tab:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.people-tab.active {
    color: var(--ink);
    border-bottom-color: var(--accent);
    font-weight: 600;
}
.tab-panel { display: none; opacity: 0; transition: opacity var(--t-med); }
.tab-panel.active { display: block; opacity: 1; }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   FOOTER
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
footer {
    background: var(--ink);
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    padding: 4rem var(--pad-x) 2rem;
    margin-top: 6rem;
}
.footer-container {
    max-width: var(--maxw);
    margin: 0 auto;
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 2fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 3rem;
}
.footer-section h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.55);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    font-weight: 600;
}
.footer-section p,
.footer-section a {
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    text-decoration: none;
    line-height: 1.85;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    transition: color var(--t-fast);
}
.footer-section a:hover { color: var(--accent); }
.footer-bottom {
    max-width: var(--maxw);
    margin: 3rem auto 0;
    padding-top: 1.5rem;
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    letter-spacing: 0.04em;
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   HAMBURGER + MOBILE MENU
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.hamburger {
    display: none;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 5px;
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    background: none;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    padding: 4px;
    z-index: 1100;
}
.hamburger span {
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
    height: 2px;
    background: var(--ink);
    border-radius: 1px;
    transition: transform var(--t-med), opacity var(--t-fast);
}
.hamburger.open span:nth-child(1) { transform: translateY(7px) rotate(45deg); }
.hamburger.open span:nth-child(2) { opacity: 0; transform: scaleX(0); }
.hamburger.open span:nth-child(3) { transform: translateY(-7px) rotate(-45deg); }

.mobile-menu {
    position: fixed;
    inset: 0;
    background: rgba(250, 250, 247, 0.98);
    backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
    z-index: 1050;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    visibility: hidden;
    opacity: 0;
    pointer-events: none;
    transition: opacity var(--t-med), visibility var(--t-med);
}
.mobile-menu.open {
    visibility: visible;
    opacity: 1;
    pointer-events: all;
}
.mobile-menu a {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 1.6rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-decoration: none;
    padding: 1rem 2rem;
    width: 100%;
    text-align: center;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    transition: color var(--t-fast), background var(--t-fast);
}
.mobile-menu a:first-child { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.mobile-menu a:hover,
.mobile-menu a.active { color: var(--accent); background: rgba(194, 65, 12, 0.04); }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   BACK TO TOP
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.back-to-top {
    position: fixed;
    bottom: 2rem;
    right: 2rem;
    width: 44px;
    height: 44px;
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 50%;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 1rem;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(8px);
    pointer-events: none;
    transition: opacity var(--t-med), transform var(--t-med),
                background var(--t-fast);
    z-index: 900;
}
.back-to-top.visible {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
    pointer-events: all;
}
.back-to-top:hover { background: var(--accent); }

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   GALLERY (page-level — keeping layout, restyled)
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
.gallery-filters {
    display: flex;
    gap: 0.5rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    justify-content: center;
}
.gallery-filter-btn {
    padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
    background: transparent;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all var(--t-fast);
}
.gallery-filter-btn:hover { border-color: var(--ink); color: var(--ink); }
.gallery-filter-btn.active {
    background: var(--ink);
    border-color: var(--ink);
    color: #fff;
}

.gallery-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(260px, 1fr));
    gap: 0.75rem;
}
.gallery-item {
    position: relative;
    aspect-ratio: 1;
    overflow: hidden;
    cursor: pointer;
    background: var(--color-bg-alt);
    border-radius: 2px;
}
.gallery-item {
    transition: transform var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med);
}
.gallery-item:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}
.gallery-item img {
    width: 100%; height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    transition: transform var(--t-slow), filter var(--t-med);
}
.gallery-item:hover img { transform: scale(1.04); }
.gallery-item.hidden { display: none; }
.gallery-item.is-hiding { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.97); }

.gallery-caption {
    position: absolute;
    inset: auto 0 0 0;
    padding: 1rem;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent, rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.85) 60%);
    color: #fff;
    transform: translateY(8px);
    opacity: 0;
    transition: opacity var(--t-med), transform var(--t-med);
}
.gallery-item:hover .gallery-caption { transform: none; opacity: 1; }
.gallery-caption__tag {
    display: inline-block;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.65rem;
    color: var(--accent);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
}
.gallery-caption p {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin: 0;
}

.gallery-empty-note {
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    color: var(--muted);
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    max-width: none;        /* override global p max-width */
    width: 100%;
}

/* ── Lightbox ──────────────────────────────────────────── */
.lightbox {
    position: fixed;
    inset: 0;
    z-index: 2000;
    background: rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.92);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: clamp(1rem, 4vw, 3rem);
    opacity: 0;
    transition: opacity var(--t-med);
    backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
}
.lightbox:not([hidden]) { opacity: 1; }
.lightbox[hidden] { display: none; }

.lightbox-img {
    max-width: 92vw;
    max-height: 84vh;
    object-fit: contain;
    box-shadow: 0 30px 60px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
    user-select: none;
}

.lightbox-close,
.lightbox-nav {
    position: absolute;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    color: #fff;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
    border-radius: 50%;
    cursor: pointer;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    transition: background var(--t-fast), transform var(--t-fast),
                border-color var(--t-fast);
}
.lightbox-close:hover,
.lightbox-nav:hover {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
    border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);
}

.lightbox-close {
    top: 1.5rem;
    right: 1.5rem;
    width: 44px;
    height: 44px;
    font-size: 1.6rem;
    line-height: 1;
    font-weight: 300;
}

.lightbox-nav {
    top: 50%;
    transform: translateY(-50%);
    width: 52px;
    height: 52px;
    font-size: 1.8rem;
    line-height: 1;
    font-weight: 300;
}
.lightbox-prev { left: 1.5rem; }
.lightbox-next { right: 1.5rem; }
.lightbox-nav:hover { transform: translateY(-50%) scale(1.05); }

.lightbox-caption {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 1.5rem;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: var(--fs-xs);
    letter-spacing: 0.04em;
    max-width: 80vw;
    text-align: center;
    padding: 0.6rem 1rem;
    background: rgba(11, 18, 32, 0.6);
    border-radius: 2px;
}

@media (max-width: 600px) {
    .lightbox-nav { width: 40px; height: 40px; font-size: 1.4rem; }
    .lightbox-prev { left: 0.75rem; }
    .lightbox-next { right: 0.75rem; }
    .lightbox-close { top: 0.75rem; right: 0.75rem; width: 36px; height: 36px; font-size: 1.3rem; }
}

/* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   RESPONSIVE
   ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
@media (max-width: 900px) {
    .footer-container { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
    .pi-profile { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2rem; }
    .pi-photo { max-width: 280px; margin: 0 auto; }
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    :root { --pad-x: 1.25rem; }

    .nav-links { display: none; }
    .hamburger { display: flex; }

    main { padding: 3rem var(--pad-x); }
    section { margin-bottom: 4rem; }

    .hero { height: clamp(440px, 80vh, 640px); }
    .hero-content { gap: 1.25rem; }

    .news-item {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 0.5rem;
        padding: 1.5rem 0;
    }

    .research-grid,
    .team-grid,
    .quick-nav-grid,
    .equipment-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }

    .position-header { flex-direction: column; gap: 0.75rem; align-items: flex-start; }

    .footer-container { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2rem; }

    .back-to-top { bottom: 1.25rem; right: 1.25rem; width: 40px; height: 40px; }

    .people-tabs { overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; }
    .people-tab { padding: 0.85rem 1.1rem; font-size: var(--fs-xs); white-space: nowrap; }
}